What Is the Civil Service? Definition and Careers

Written by: East Carolina University® • May 15, 2025

An Intelligence Analyst Gives a Presentation Standing in Front of a Projection of Charts

The civil service includes a wide range of government roles that focus on serving the public and supporting the effective functioning of government at the federal, state, or local levels. Earning a degree such as a Bachelor of Science (BS) in Security Studies can be an excellent starting point for those interested in pursuing a civil service career.

Civil Service Definition

Understanding the nature of civil service is essential for anyone exploring careers in areas such as national security, law enforcement, and public administration. Civil servants are professionals employed by the government at various levels in nonpolitical, nonjudicial roles. Their work spans critical areas, such as infrastructure development, program and project management, budgeting, infrastructure development, and intelligence, with responsibilities related to protecting citizens, managing resources, and addressing multiple societal needs. Unlike elected and appointed officials, civil servants are typically hired based on their qualifications and merit.

Important Civil Service Functions

Because the civil service is fairly broad, it helps to understand the primary functions of civil servants.

Protective Functions

Civil servants play an important role in managing the daily activities of our government at the federal, state, and local levels, which includes but is not limited to safeguarding life, property, and individual freedoms by maintaining order and enforcing laws. In recent years, protective functions have expanded to include environmental health, with specialists who work to prevent environmental quality issues and ensure healthy living conditions for the public.

Facilitative Functions

Another key responsibility of civil servants is managing and supporting public infrastructure, such as utilities, transportation systems, and communication networks. They also oversee welfare programs, such as Social Security, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Additionally, they promote economic growth by supporting trade, industry, agriculture, and other essential sectors.

Other Functions

Some civil servants contribute to the managerial and financial operations of government entities, with responsibilities related to managing budgets and resources. They also drive reform through policymaking and advocacy. Civil servants may also serve as a bridge between the government and the public by listening and responding to community concerns.

Exciting Careers in Civil Service

From intelligence analysts and cybersecurity professionals to communications experts and policymakers, the careers below are some of the exciting professional paths for individuals pursuing roles in civil service.

Intelligence Analyst

An intelligence analyst is a government professional who collects, evaluates, and interprets information to identify potential security threats. While some intelligence analysts specialize in cybersecurity, others focus on areas such as counterterrorism, geopolitical risks, or organized crime. They may also be referred to as intelligence officers , particularly when working in a military or defense setting. Many intelligence analysts work for agencies such as the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of State, Department of Defense, and the FBI.

The primary job duties and responsibilities of intelligence analysts include the following:

Analyzing data from diverse sources to identify trends, patterns, and threats
Assessing potential risks to public safety, infrastructure, or national security
Conducting research to support decision-making and policy development
Preparing reports and briefings to communicate findings to government officials
Collaborating with other agencies to develop and implement strategies for mitigating threats

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), information security analysts, including intelligence analysts, earned a median annual salary of $120,360 as of May 2023. Employment in this field is expected to grow by 33% from 2023 to 2033, driven by increasing cyberattacks and evolving global security challenges.

Special Agent

Special agents work in numerous capacities within law enforcement, much like police officers and detectives. However, their work primarily focuses on federal crimes that may pose significant threats to national security, such as cybercrime, terrorism, and human trafficking. Special agents are employed by government agencies including the FBI, U.S. Secret Service, and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).

The typical job duties and responsibilities of special agents in the Secret Service include the following:

Protecting government officials and their families
Investigating crimes related to U.S. financial obligations
Coordinating security teams and protocols for special events, such as presidential inaugurations

Payscale reports that the median annual salary for special agents employed by the federal government is about $94,100 as of January 2024. The top 10% of earners make $179,000 or more.

Management Analyst

Management analysts are responsible for evaluating and improving programs and operations within the Department of State and other government entities. Their work involves gathering relevant information and data on current programs and procedures, and then making recommendations to increase efficiencies.

The primary job duties and responsibilities of management analysts include the following:

Conducting interviews and observations on current operating procedures to determine any needs for improvement
Analyzing financial and employment data, including revenue, reports, and expenses
Developing solutions or improvements to existing processes, and then recommending those solutions to relevant stakeholders
Meet with organizational leadership to ensure the changes are effective

According to the BLS, management analysts in the government earn a median annual salary of $92,310 as of May 2023. The BLS reports that the employment of management analysts is projected to grow by 11% between 2023 and 2033, which is much faster than the national average.

Is a Civil Service Career Right for You?

Careers in security and public safety offer meaningful opportunities to protect communities and contribute to national stability. For those passionate about serving their country through strategic and impactful work, the civil service can provide a pathway to make a difference.

If you’re ready to take your next step toward a career in civil service, consider the online BS in Security Studies from East Carolina University®. With a curriculum tailored to the demands of diverse roles in intelligence, national security, and public safety, the program can help you develop the expertise to succeed in a range of security-focused positions. Learn more today, and discover how this program can prepare you to address critical security challenges.

Recommended Readings

Local vs. State Governments: Understanding the Opportunities

What Is a Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) Intelligence Officer?

What Is Intelligence Collection, and Why Does It Matter?

Sources:

Britannica, “Civil Service”

Civilsdaily, Role of Civil Service in Governance, Major Responsibilities and Constitutional Provisions Related to It

Indeed, 17 Types of Jobs in Civil Service (Plus Salaries)

Indeed, “What Does an Intelligence Analyst Do? (With Salary)”

Indeed, What Is a Civil Servant?

Payscale, Average Management and Program Analyst With Program Management Skills Salary at U.S.

Department of Homeland Security